Dr. Vanessa R Rainey

Sensory processing differences can significantly impact workplace experiences, particularly for neurodivergent individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Despite growing awareness of neurodiversity in the workplace, the role of sensory processing in work engagement remains underexplored. This study investigated the relationships between ASD traits, ADHD symptoms, sensory processing patterns (i.e., sensory sensitivity, sensory avoiding, low registration, and sensation seeking), and the three subfacets of work engagement: vigor, dedication, and absorption. Findings revealed that ASD and ADHD traits were significantly associated with work engagement, with the most pronounced effects observed in vigor. Sensory sensitivity and sensation avoiding were linked to reduced work engagement, while sensation seeking was associated with increased work engagement. Additionally, sensation seeking emerged as a stronger predictor of vigor than ASD traits related to social skill difficulties, while sensory sensitivity was associated with lower vigor, suggesting that sensory preferences may play a role in sustaining energy at work. For inattentiveness symptoms, sensory processing factors contributed more to predicting the work engagement outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of workplace accommodations that support different sensory needs, such as flexible workspaces that allow for both sensory stimulation and regulation. By shifting the focus from diagnostic categories to individualized sensory preferences, organizations can foster more engaging work environments for neurodivergent employees.

Greater attention to active and collaborative learning makes inclusion of all students worth examining in the changing higher education landscape. The overarching goal of the present study was to identify specific sensory stimulation patterns in the college classroom that may present obstacles for students with sensory processing challenges, particularly when students are faced with taxing sensory environments. We explored the links between sensory processing thresholds in a sample of college students enrolled in General Psychology courses and the number of reported classroom challenges related to their sensory thresholds and executive functioning. In classroom contexts, students who were very sensitive to environmental stimuli were most negatively influenced by participation in small group discussions, listening to side chatter in the classroom that distracted from the main discussion, and speaking in front of others when unprepared. This was also accompanied by decreases in attention and emotional regulation. In light of these findings, we recommend using principles of universal design to create a more inclusive and supportive atmosphere. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: journal abstract)

Parental postpartum depression may be a risk factor for children’s early language development. However, previous empirical findings have been inconclusive regarding these relations. Moreover, previous reviews of this topic have summarized across measures of language. The purpose of the present systematic review was to summarize and synthesize the relations between parental postpartum depression and children’s language development while treating language as a multidimensional construct and while considering the nature of parental depression. We identified empirical articles in the PsycInfo®/ProQuest database (8/15/2023) and through additional strategies. Articles were screened and considered eligible for inclusion based on several criteria. Twenty-six studies were included in the present systematic review. Included articles were evaluated for risk bias using a tool produced by Glod and colleagues (2015) and adapted for the present study. Findings were organized by the aspect of language (i.e., receptive, expressive) and the nature of parents’ depression (timing, status, chronicity). Varying levels of support were found for the assertion that parental depression is related to children’s receptive and expressive language. Significant relations are more likely to be found later in early childhood indicating a delayed effect of parental postpartum depression. Further, there was inconclusive support concerning the role of depression status and depression chronicity in relation to children’s language development. Additional work is needed to clarify these relations. Directions for future work are recommended that would explore mediating mechanisms, the role of fathers’ depression and how other aspects of parental mental health play a role in these relations. As a limitation, the scope of the present systematic review excluded studies of older children and studies of more general language development that are relevant to informing future work.

Purpose: A chaotic home environment, marked by disorganization, noise and a lack of routine, has negative associations with language development, social competence and executive functioning. This study aims to investigate the mediating effect of chaotic homes on adaptive behaviors, or behaviors that allow independent functioning, in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared to neurotypical (NT) children. Children with ASD have difficulties with adaptive functioning in their environment, and identifying factors in the home that may exacerbate these behaviors will help in understanding the larger family dynamics that may affect behavior.

Design/methodology/approach: In total, 251 primary caregivers completed questionnaires about their children’s adaptive behavior and the structure of the home environment.

Findings: The results of a mediation analysis found a significant indirect effect of ASD status leading to lower adaptive behaviors through home chaos. This suggests those with ASD experienced more household chaos than NT children, which influenced their lower adaptive behavior scores.

Originality/value: This research provides insights into the complex relationship between the home environment and child behavior in children with ASD.

Background
Both mothers and fathers are at risk for experiencing postpartum depressive symptoms shortly after the birth of a child. Previous studies suggest mothers' and fathers' depressive symptoms to be interrelated. This study examined bidirectional relations between mothers' and fathers' depressive symptoms across four years postpartum.

Methods
Longitudinal data for this study were collected across five waves from 485 mothers and 359 fathers of infants when infants were on average 6 months-old until children were 54 months-old (1-year lags). Mothers and fathers reported on their depressive symptoms using the Center for the Epidemiological Studies Short Depression Scale (CES-D 10). A random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RICLPM) was specified to examine the bidirectional relations between mothers' and fathers' depressive symptoms over time.

Results
At the between-person level, mothers' and fathers' depressive symptoms were positively associated. At the within-person level, unique carry-over effects were found for mothers and fathers in that when reporting higher depressive symptoms than their trait levels, they were more likely to report higher depressive symptoms one year later. Moreover, intermittent cross-lagged effects were observed from mothers' depressive symptoms to fathers' depressive symptoms during toddlerhood.

Limitations
The sample was not racially or structurally diverse thereby limiting the generalizations of the findings.

Conclusions
After the birth of a child, mothers and fathers are at risk for experiencing chronic depressive symptoms which can have implications for individual, couple and child health. Mothers' depressive symptoms are related to fathers' depressive symptoms over time.

Previous research studying language brokers (i.e. children/adolescents who translate for family members) has indicated some positive correlations between frequent language brokering and gains in cognitive development, although little of this research has been conducted on language brokers during the university/higher education years. At the same time, there is evidence documenting elevated levels of depression and anxiety in brokers who translate frequently, which may undermine positive cognitive developments. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of accumulated brokering frequency on academic motivation and learning strategies in United States university students, while accounting for psychological health symptoms. Greater brokering experience uniquely predicted increases in academic motivation and learning strategies. In particular, these relations were driven by greater value components (i.e. intrinsic and extrinsic goal orientation, task value understanding) and cognitive and metacognitive strategy use. This suggests greater self-regulated learning abilities in the university setting for language brokers with more translation experience. The brokers’ reported psychological health symptoms did not interact with these positive correlations. Overall, these findings help to more directly understand the context of the language broker in higher academia and the impact on cognitive outcomes during this important transition into adulthood.

Maternal depression and anxiety are potential risk factors to children's language environments and development. Though existing work has examined relations between these constructs, further work is needed accounting for both depression and anxiety and using more direct measures of the home language environment and children's language development. We examined 265 mother-infant dyads (49.6% female, Mage = 17.03 months) from a large city in the Western United States to explore the relations between self-reports of maternal depression and anxiety and observational indices of the home language environment and expressive language as captured by Language Environment Analysis (LENA) and parent-reported language comprehension and production. Results revealed maternal depressive symptoms to be negatively associated with home language environment and expressive language indices. Maternal anxiety symptoms were found to be negatively associated with children's parent-reported language production. These findings provide further evidence that maternal mental health modulates children's home language environments and expressive language.

This study explored differences in sustained top-down attentional control (i.e., proactive control) and spontaneous types of control (i.e., reactive control) in bilingual and monolingual speakers. We modified a Color-Word Stroop task to varying levels of conflict and included switching trials in addition to more "traditional" inhibition Stroop conditions. The task was administered during scalp electroencephalography (EEG) to evaluate the temporal course of cognitive control during trials. The behavioral Stroop effect was observed across the whole sample; however, there were no differences in accuracy or response time between the bilingual and monolingual groups. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were calculated for the N200, N450, and conflict Sustained Potential (SP). On the pure-blocked incongruent trials, the bilingual group displayed reduced signal during interference suppression (N450) and increased later signal, as indexed by the conflict SP. On the mixed-block incongruent trials, both the bilinguals and monolinguals displayed increased later signal at the conflict SP. This suggests that proactive control may be a default mode for bilinguals on tasks requiring inhibition. In the switching trials, that place high demands on the executive control component of shifting, the language groups did not differ. Overall, these results suggest processing differences between bilinguals and monolinguals extend beyond early response inhibition processes. Greater integration of proactive and reactive control may be needed to sort conflicting language environments for bilinguals, which may be transferring to domain-general mechanisms.

As the number of individuals diagnosed with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and Alzheimer's dementia (AD) increases, a need exists for early detection and treatment of the disorders. A recent review of the literature conducted by Arruda et al. (2020) revealed that the latency of the flash visual-evoked potential-P2 (FVEP-P2) may possess pathognomic information that may assist in the early detection and treatment of each disease. Unfortunately, while group differences in latency are robust, the ability to discriminate between individuals remains difficult due to the natural variability associated with the FVEP-P2 latency. In the current investigation, we examine the role of wavelength of light in the production of the FVEP-P2, with the goal of reducing the variability associated with the FVEP-P2 latency and improving the diagnostic accuracy of the FVEP-P2 evaluation.
Twenty-four healthy individuals (11 males and 13 females), ages 18 to 36 years (M = 25.00, SD = 5.60), participated in this investigation. Each participant experienced five blocks of 100 strobe flashes (or trials) under two different light conditions (blue filtered light and polychromatic white light) with their eyes closed. The FVEP-P2 associated with each trial was identified and the latency and amplitude of each component was calculated.
The results of several repeated measures analysis of variance revealed no statistically significant differences in intra- and inter-individual variability associated with the P2 latency or amplitude. However, there was a significant difference in the amplitude of the P2 produced by the two lights, with blue filtered light producing significantly lower amplitudes than the polychromatic white light.
The results of the present investigation suggest that while imperfect, the current practice of employing polychromatic white light in the production of the FVEP-P2 remains the gold standard and that additional methods of reducing the natural variability of the P2 need to be developed if the FVEP-P2 latency is to be used as a biomarker.

In this study, monolingual (English) and bilingual (English/Spanish, English/Urdu) five- and six-year-old children completed a grammaticality judgment test in order to assess their awareness of the grammaticality of two types of syntactic constructions in English: word order and gender representation. All children were better at detecting grammatically correct and incorrect word order constructions than gender constructions, regardless of language group. In fact, bilingualism per se did not impact the results as much as receptive vocabulary range. For example, children with the highest receptive vocabulary scores were more accurate in detecting incorrect word order constructions (i.e., word order violations, semantic anomalies) and incorrect gender agreement than children in the lower receptive vocabulary ranges. However, no differences were found between the ranges for ambiguous gender constructions. These results highlight the importance of receptive vocabulary ability on syntactic awareness performance, regardless of language group.