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trans-Activation of viral enhancers including long terminal repeat of the human immunodeficiency virus by the hepatitis B virus X protein
Journal article   Peer reviewed

trans-Activation of viral enhancers including long terminal repeat of the human immunodeficiency virus by the hepatitis B virus X protein

Aleem Siddiqui, Richard Gaynor, A. Srinivasan, John Mapoles and Robert W Farr
Virology, Vol.169(2), pp.479-484
04/1989
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(89)90177-3
PMID: 2705309
Web of Science ID: WOS:A1989U031000028

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Abstract

Human hepatitis B virus contains an open reading frame designated X. We have investigated the trans-activating function of the hepatitis B virus X gene in regulating transcriptional control elements. In the HBV genome the major target for X trans-activation is the enhancer element. Further, the X protein stimulates several other viral promoters/ enhancers including the long-terminal repeats (LTR) of human retroviruses. One of the viral sequences studied in detail is the human immunodeficiency viral (HIV) LTR which is trans-activated by the X protein. Using mutational analysis of the HIV LTR, we show that the NF- B sequences contained within the U3 region are involved in this stimulatory activity. Nuclear run-on analyses support the notion that X-mediated trans-activation occurs at the level of transcription.

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