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Journal article
Indolo[2,3‑b]quinoxaline as a Low Reduction Potential and High Stability Anolyte Scaffold for Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries
Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol.145(34), pp.18877-18887
08/30/2023
PMCID: PMC10472437
PMID: 37585274
Web of Science ID: WOS:001049423400001
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Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are a promising stationary energy storage technology for leveling power supply from intermittent renewable energy sources with demand. A central objective for the development of practical, scalable RFBs is to identify affordable and high-performance redox-active molecules as storage materials. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a new organic scaffold, indolo[2,3-b]quinoxaline, for highly stable, low-reduction potential, and high-solubility anolytes for nonaqueous redox flow batteries (NARFBs). The mixture of 2- and 3-(tert-butyl)-6-(2-methoxyethyl)-6H-indolo[2,3-b]quinoxaline exhibits a low reduction potential (-2.01 V vs Fc/Fc+), high solubility (>2.7 M in acetonitrile), and remarkable stability (99.86% capacity retention over 49.5 h (202 cycles) of H-cell cycling). This anolyte was paired with N-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-ethyl)phenothiazine (MEEPT) to achieve a 2.3 V all-organic NARFB exhibiting 95.8% capacity retention over 75.1 h (120 cycles) of cycling.
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- Title
- Indolo[2,3‑b]quinoxaline as a Low Reduction Potential and High Stability Anolyte Scaffold for Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries
- Publication Details
- Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol.145(34), pp.18877-18887
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society Publications
- Number of pages
- 18877 - 18887
- Grant note
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), a Department of Energy, Energy Innovation Hub NIH: S10OD024998 German Scholarship Foundation National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health: F32GM142231 National Institutes of Health U.S. National Science Foundation: 5U01GM121667, CHE-1955643 National Institute of General Medical Sciences: F32GM142231
Support for this work was provided by the Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), a Department of Energy, Energy Innovation Hub. We acknowledge Prof. Fikile R. Brushett and Bertrand J. Neyhouse for helpful discussions regarding the flow battery setup. We thank the College of Chemistry's NMR facility for the resources provided and the staff, especially Dr. Hasan Celik, for their assistance. Instruments in CoC-NMR are supported in part by NIH S10OD024998. W.Z. would like to thank Christopher J. Chang (UC Berkeley) for generously providing access to the LSV instrument for this study. We would like to acknowledge Daramic LLC for generously providing us with the Daramic AA-175 membrane. T.K.S. thanks the German Scholarship Foundation for financial support. J.S. acknowledges funding from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under award number F32GM142231. M.H.-G. acknowledges funding by the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. National Science Foundation through grant nos. 5U01GM121667 and CHE-1955643.
- Copyright
- © 2023 The Authors.
- Identifiers
- WOS:001049423400001; 99381798269606600
- Academic Unit
- Chemistry; Hal Marcus College of Science and Engineering
- Language
- English