In the United States context, racist political discourse has changed over time, broadly moving from explicit race-baiting appeals to implicit forms of race-card play. In the pre-civil-rights era, rhetorical actors often embraced racism as a political ideology. In the period after the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, racial appeals now predominantly appear in two forms: either as code language or as accusations of reverse racism. Appreciating the generic and particular is indispensable for evaluating this race-card play. There is a generic expectation for the presidential statements following such a tragic event. The pronouncements ought to offer an unambiguous reaffirmation of the principle of equality. In cultural context, impugning the intelligence of a minority group member, or comparing that person to an animal is racist. Argumentation around public accusations of racism offers a particular intersection between burdens of proof and presumptions.
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The rhetorical logics of racist accusation and defense